for which等于什么?
在英语定语从句里,“for which”是个高频出现的结构,但它的等价表达其实藏在“介词+关系代词”的逻辑里——说到底,“for which”等于“for + 先行词”,而当先行词是“reason”时,它还能直接换成“why”。先看最常见的非“reason”情况。比如句子“ He bought a book, for which he paid 10 dollars”,这里的“for which”指代的是“for the book”——他买了本书,为这本书付了10美元。再比如“The job for which he applied was filled”,“for which”就是“for the job”——他申请的那份工作已经有人了。还有“The concert for which we bought tickets was canceled”,“for which”等于“for the concert”——我们买了票的那场演唱会取消了。这些例子里,“for”是定语从句中动词的固定搭配pay for、apply for、buy tickets for,把“for”提前到关系代词“which”前,就成了“for which”,本质还是“为了/针对先行词”。
再看特殊情况:当先行词是“reason”时,“for which”直接等价于“why”。比如“The reason for which she was late was a flat tire”,换个说法就是“The reason why she was late was a flat tire”——她迟到的原因是车胎瘪了。这里的“for which”之所以能换成“why”,是因为“reason”本身就自带“因为……的原因”的逻辑,“for”在这里是“因为”的意思,和“why”的语义重合。
其实不管哪种情况,“for which”的核心都是“用介词for连接先行词和定语从句”。比如“She chose the university for which her brother had studied”,“for which”就是“for the university”——她选了哥哥曾就读的那所大学;“The course for which I registered was full”,“for which”是“for the course”——我册的那门课满了。这些句子里,“for which”就是把“for + 先行词”压缩成一个关系词,避免重复说“for the book”“for the job”“for the university”。
再举个更直观的对比:不用“for which”的话,句子会变得啰嗦。比如原句“He gave me a pen, for which I was grateful”,拆开来是“He gave me a pen, and I was grateful for the pen”——重复了“the pen”,而用“for which”就把“for the pen”简化成一个结构,让句子更简洁。
下来,“for which”的等价表达就两条: 1. 当先行词是“reason”时,等于“why”; 2. 其他时候,等于“for + 先行词”——也就是定语从句里动词短语搭配的“for”加上前面的先行词。
说到底,“for which”不是什么复杂的语法点,它只是“介词+关系代词”的常规操作,本质是用更简洁的方式连接“为了/针对先行词”的逻辑。搞懂了“for + 先行词”这个内核,“for which”的等价表达就一目了然了。
