for which和in which,到底差在哪儿?
清晨的咖啡馆里,朋友指着笔记本上的句子问我:“‘The room in which I read’和‘The room for which I paid’,为什么一个用in which,一个用for which?”其实答案就藏在“in”和“for”的本义里——前者讲“在里面”,后者讲“为了这个”,不过是把介词从定语从句里提出来,贴在了关系代词前。
先看in which。它的核心是“in”:“在……里面”“在……情况下”。比如“the room in which I read”,拆开是“I read in the room”——我在房间里读书,“in the room”是地点状语,所以用in which代替“where”。再比如“the situation in which she lost her keys”,是“she lost her keys in the situation”——她在那种情况下丢了钥匙,“in the situation”是环境状语,自然用in which。还有“the book in which I wrote notes”,“I wrote notes in the book”——我在书里写笔记,“in the book”是空间状语,还是in which。说到底,in which管的是“某个容器、场景里的事”,是“置身其中”的关系。
再看for which。它的核心是“for”:“因为……”“为了……”。比如“the room for which I paid”,拆开是“I paid for the room”——我为这个房间付了钱,“for the room”是对象状语付钱的对象,所以用for which。再比如“the reason for which he quit”,是“he quit for the reason”——他因为这个原因辞职,“for the reason”是原因状语,用for which没错。还有“the gift for which she waited a year”,“she waited for the gift a year”——她等这个礼物等了一年,“wait for”是固定搭配,所以用for which。for which管的是“关联到某个目的、原因或对象的事”,是“为了这个”的关系。
其实不用记语法术语,看例子就能分清。比如:
- “The café in which we met was closed.”我们见面的咖啡馆关门了——“在咖啡馆里”见面,用in which;
- “The café for which we planned the party was booked.”我们为派对选的咖啡馆被订满了——“为了派对”选的咖啡馆,用for which。
再比如:
- “The project in which we are working is urgent.”我们正在做的项目很紧急——“在项目里”工作,用in which;
- “The project for which we applied funding was rejected.”我们申请资金的项目被拒了——“为了项目”申请资金,用for which。
朋友突然笑了:“原来就是‘在里面’和‘为了这个’的区别啊?”对,没那么复杂。你想讲“在某个地方/情况里发生的事”,用in which;想讲“因为某个原因/为了某个东西做的事”,用for which——就像你不会说“我为了房间里读书”,也不会说“我在房间里付钱”,介词的本义早把答案写好了。
窗外的阳光照进来,朋友在笔记本上画了个圈:“in which是‘在圈里’,for which是‘圈外的指向’——懂了。”其实语法从来不是枷锁,不过是把我们想说的话,理得更清楚而已。
